ZERO EMISSIONS VEHICLE

Computer Engineering electronics Engineering Civil Engineering

A zero-emissions vehicle, or ZEV, is a vehicle that emits no tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power. Harmful pollutants to the health and the environment include particulates (soot), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics, and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Examples of zero emission vehicles include muscle-powered vehicles such as bicycles; battery electric vehicles, which typically shift emissions to the location where the electricity is generated i.e. coal power plant; and fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen, which typically shift emissions to the location where the hydrogen is generated. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are not strictly zero-emissions, as they do emit water or water vapor, although they are still usually included in this category.

VEHICLE OPERATOR SAFETY

In extreme outdoor conditions, vehicles are designed to perform arduous tasks .Vehicles must navigate on uneven surfaces while lifting and moving heavy loads in areas like industries such as construction, agriculture and forestry. For vehicle operators, the chances of tipping or rolling over are high, and safety is a concern. Operator

Vegetable oil fuel

Vegetable oil is an alternative fuel for diesel engines and for heating oil burners. For engines designed to burn diesel fuel, the viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper atomization of the fuel, otherwise incomplete combustion and carbon build up will ultimately damage the engine. Many enthusiasts refer to vegetable oil used as fuel as waste vegetable oil (WVO) if it is oil that was discarded from a restaurant or straight vegetable oil (SVO) or pure plant oil (PPO) to distinguish it from biodiesel.

TURBOFAN ENGINE

Jet Propulsion is the thrust imparting forward motion to an object, as a reaction to the rearward expulsion of a high-velocity liquid or gaseous stream.A simple example of jet propulsion is the motion of an inflated balloon when the air is suddenly discharged. While the opening is held closed, the air pressure within the balloon is equal in all directions; when the stem is released, the internal pressure is less at the open end than at the opposite end, causing the balloon to dart forward. Not the pressure of the escaping air pushing against the outside atmosphere but the difference between high and low pressures inside the balloon propels it. An actual jet engine does not operate quite as simply as a balloon, although the basic principle is the same. More important than pressure imbalance is the acceleration due to high velocities of the jet leaving the engine. This is achieved by forces in the engine that enable the gas to flow backward forming the jet.

STEER BY WIRE CONTROL SYSTEM

There is a visible trend in the automobile industry for an increasing number of electronic systems in vehicles directly responsible for active and passive driving support. These applications will greatly increase overall vehicle handling and safety by assisting the driver in critical situations.In steer by wire systems, the costly hydraulically assisted mechanical packages that actuate and assist steering are replaced by electronic and electrical packages. Electronic and optical data buses replace the bundles of wires that sit behind the instrument panel. However, for implementing this system the following systems have to be developed first.At the moment, a radical change in steering technology becomes evident all over the world. The long lasting obvious dominance of hydraulic systems in passenger vehicles is now seriously being questioned. More and more automakers are planning to use electronically controlled steering systems for the next vehicle generation. By 2005 in Western Europe, presumably 40

SOLAR POWERED VEHICLES

In the present situation energy crisis is an important unsolvable problem so we must find out some other ways to trust all sources such as solar energy, hydro power, tidal power, wind power etc. Using solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce heat. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. A solar panel (PV panel) is made of the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically when subjected to sun light. Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-south directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system. Many solar arrays are placed at an angle equal to the site latitude with no bias for seasonal periods.

SOLAR CAR

A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. They are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge and the North American Solar Challenge. These events are often sponsored by Government agencies such as the United States Department of Energy keen to promote the development of alternative energy technology such as solar cells and electric vehicles. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students engineering and technological skills as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda.

Safety engineering

Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when components fail.

ROCKET TURBINE ENGINE

A rocket turbine engine is a combination of two types of propulsion engines- a liquid fuel rocket and a turbine jet engine. Its power to weight ratio is a little higher than a regular jet engine.

roadable aircraft

A flying car or roadable aircraft is an aircraft that can also travel along roads. All the working examples have required some manual or automated process of conversion between the two modes of operation.A slightly different concept that is sometimes referred to as a "flying car", particularly in science fiction, is that of an aircraft that would be practical enough for every-day travel, but would not necessarily be drivable on the roads.

REPELLOR VEHICLE

A repellor vehicle is a vehicle (with human driver or virtual operator) that steers away from obstacles. Overall there are three main techniques of driver interaction: direct user interaction,physical controls, and/orvirtual controls.

RENAULT TWIZY Z.E.

The Renault Twizy Z.E. is an electric city car to be produced by Renault. The concept car was unvelied at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.Renault began taken reservations in May 2011 and deliveries are scheduled for late 2011. The Twizy Z.E. electric car price starts at

RECENT TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, automotive engineers, speed junkies and racecar designers have been searching for ways to boost its power. One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better. Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. Adding either a turbocharger or a supercharger is a great way to achieve forced air induction. Both superchargers and turbochargers pressurize the air intake to above atmospheric pressure. The difference between the two devices is their source of energy. Turbocharger is an exhaust gas driven compressor used in internal-combustion engines to increase the power output of the engine by increasing the mass of oxygen entering the engine. A key advantage of turbochargers is that they offer a considerable increase in engine power with only a slight increase in weight.Unlike turbochargers, which use the exhaust gases created by combustion to power the compressor, superchargers draw their power directly from the crankshaft. Superchargers increase intake by compressing air above atmospheric pressure, without creating a vacuum. This forces more air into the engine, providing a "boost." With the additional air in the boost, more fuel can be added to the charge, and the power of the engine is increased. There are three types of superchargers- roots, centrifugal, twin-screw. The main difference among them is how they move air to the intake manifold of the engine. Roots and twin-screw superchargers use different types of meshing lobes, and a centrifugal supercharger uses an impeller, which draws air in. Although all of these designs provide a boost, they differ considerably in their efficiency and sizes. The biggest advantage of having a supercharger is the increased horsepower.

PULSE JET ENGINE

A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion occurs in pulses. Pulsejet engines can be made with few or no moving parts, and are capable of running statically.Pulse jet engines are a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor compression ratio, and hence give a low specific impulse.One notable line of research of pulsejet engines includes the pulse detonation engine which involves repeated detonations in the engine, and which can potentially give high compression and good efficiency.

PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), or plug-in hybrid is a hybrid vehicle which utilizes rechargeable batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source (usually a normal electric wall socket). A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE); and of an all-electric vehicle, having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. Most PHEVs on the road today are passenger cars, but there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, scooters, and military vehicles.The cost for electricity to power plug-in hybrids for all-electric operation has been estimated at less than one quarter of the cost of gasoline. Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs reduce air pollution locally and dependence on petroleum. PHEVs may reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted, giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks. Plug-in hybrids use no fossil fuel during their all-electric range and produce lower greenhouse gas emissions if their batteries are charged from renewable electricity. Other benefits include improved national energy security, fewer fill-ups at the filling station, the convenience of home recharging, opportunities to provide emergency backup power in the home, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications.Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Auto released the F3DM PHEV-62 (PHEV-100 km) to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008 and began sales to the general public in Shenzhen in March 2010. General Motors began deliveries of the Chevrolet Volt

PEDAL ASSISTED ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLE

In very small vehicles, the power demand decreases, so human power can be employed to make a significant improvement in battery life. Two such commercially made vehicles are the Sinclair C5 and the TWIKE.

MICROCAR

A microcar is the smallest automobile classification usually applied to standard small car (smaller than city cars). Such small cars were generally referred to as cyclecars until the 1940s. More recent models (1960 and later) are also called bubblecars due to their egg shaped appearance.

MERCEDES BENZ BIONIC

The Mercedes-Benz Bionic was a concept car created by DaimlerChrysler AG under the Mercedes Group. It was first introduced in 2005 at the DaimlerChrysler Innovation Symposium in Washington, D. C. The bionic was modelled after a type of fish, the Ostracion cubicus (a boxfish), and also has 80% lower nitrogen oxide emissions with its SCR technology.

LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE TIRES

Low-rolling resistance tires minimize wasted energy as a tire rolls, thereby decreasing required rolling effort

JET AIRCRAFT

jet aircraft is an aircraft propelled by jet engines. Jet aircraft generally fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes