ZERO EMISSIONS VEHICLE

Computer Engineering electronics Engineering Civil Engineering

A zero-emissions vehicle, or ZEV, is a vehicle that emits no tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power. Harmful pollutants to the health and the environment include particulates (soot), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. Although not considered emission pollutants by the original California Air Resources Board (CARB) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definitions, the most recent common use of the term also includes volatile organic compounds, several air toxics, and global pollutants such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Examples of zero emission vehicles include muscle-powered vehicles such as bicycles; battery electric vehicles, which typically shift emissions to the location where the electricity is generated i.e. coal power plant; and fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen, which typically shift emissions to the location where the hydrogen is generated. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are not strictly zero-emissions, as they do emit water or water vapor, although they are still usually included in this category.

SUPER CONDUCTING GENERATOR

The superconducting generator using super conductors in field winding is superior to conventional generator in terms of power system stability, generator efficiency, generator dimensions and weight. They have been expected as a key generator technology to realize large capacity more them 1GVA.. Recently for then advantages are pointed out compared to conventional generator like small internal impedance that is effective to make system voltages in deregulated power system. These technical merits have pushed the development of superconducting generator in Japan, US, Germany and other countries. This paper covers the structural details of rotor and stator, the working and the cooling system for super conducting field windings. Also the main features and research and development on super conducing generator are covered briefly. . Fundamental technology for higher density and larger capacity is now under research. It is expected that superconducting generators becomes superior to conventional generators from economical and performance point of view. Superconducting generators are useful for solving problems appeared in power system and they are expected to the major source of electrical power in the coming decades.

REPELLOR VEHICLE

A repellor vehicle is a vehicle (with human driver or virtual operator) that steers away from obstacles. Overall there are three main techniques of driver interaction: direct user interaction,physical controls, and/orvirtual controls.

RENAULT TWIZY Z.E.

The Renault Twizy Z.E. is an electric city car to be produced by Renault. The concept car was unvelied at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.Renault began taken reservations in May 2011 and deliveries are scheduled for late 2011. The Twizy Z.E. electric car price starts at

PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), or plug-in hybrid is a hybrid vehicle which utilizes rechargeable batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source (usually a normal electric wall socket). A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE); and of an all-electric vehicle, having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. Most PHEVs on the road today are passenger cars, but there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, scooters, and military vehicles.The cost for electricity to power plug-in hybrids for all-electric operation has been estimated at less than one quarter of the cost of gasoline. Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs reduce air pollution locally and dependence on petroleum. PHEVs may reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted, giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks. Plug-in hybrids use no fossil fuel during their all-electric range and produce lower greenhouse gas emissions if their batteries are charged from renewable electricity. Other benefits include improved national energy security, fewer fill-ups at the filling station, the convenience of home recharging, opportunities to provide emergency backup power in the home, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications.Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Auto released the F3DM PHEV-62 (PHEV-100 km) to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008 and began sales to the general public in Shenzhen in March 2010. General Motors began deliveries of the Chevrolet Volt

PEDAL ASSISTED ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLE

In very small vehicles, the power demand decreases, so human power can be employed to make a significant improvement in battery life. Two such commercially made vehicles are the Sinclair C5 and the TWIKE.

ONTOLOGY

In computer science and information science, an ontology formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships between those concepts. It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain, and may be used to describe the domain.In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation".An ontology renders shared vocabulary and taxonomy, which models a domain

MICROCAR

A microcar is the smallest automobile classification usually applied to standard small car (smaller than city cars). Such small cars were generally referred to as cyclecars until the 1940s. More recent models (1960 and later) are also called bubblecars due to their egg shaped appearance.

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

The Magnetohydrodynamic power generation technology (MHD ) is the production of electrical power utilising a high temperature conducting plasma moving through an intense magnetic field. The conversion process in MHD was initially described by Michael Faraday in 1893. However the actual utilisation of this concept remained unthinkable. The first known attempt to develop an MHD generator was made at Westing house research laboratory (USA) around 1936. The efficiencies of all modern thermal power generating system lies between 35-40% as they have to reject large quantities of heat to the environment. In all other conventional power plant, first the thermal energy of the gas is directly converted in to electrical energy. Hence it is known as direct energy conversion system. The MHD power plants are classified in to Open and Closed cycle based on the nature of processing of the working fluid. With the present research and development programmes, the MHD power generation may play an important role in the power industry in future to help the present crisis of power. The MHD process can be used not only for commercial power generation but also for so may other applications. The economic attractiveness of MHD for bulk generation of power from fossil fuel has been indicated in many design studies and cost estimates of conceptual plants. MHD promises a dramatic improvement in the cost of generating electricity from coal, beneficial to the growth of the national economy. The extensive use of MHD can help in saving billions of dollars towards fuel prospects of much better fuel utilization are most important, but the potential of lower capital costs with increased utilization of invested capital provides also a very important economic incentive. The beneficial environmental aspects of MHD are probably of equal or even greater significance. The MHD energy conversion process cab contribute greatly to the solution of the serious air and thermal pollution problems faced by all steam

LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE TIRES

Low-rolling resistance tires minimize wasted energy as a tire rolls, thereby decreasing required rolling effort

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized

HYBRID VEHICLE

A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) and electric batteries for the energy used to power internal-combustion engines (ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and would be considered "underpowered" by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that require greater power.

GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR

The Google Driverless Car is a project by Google that involves developing technology for driverless cars. The project is currently being led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View, whose team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense. The team developing the system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges. Lobbied by Google, the Nevada Legislature passed a law in June 2011 to authorize the use of autonomous vehicles. Nevada became the first state where driverless vehicles can be legally operated on public roads. The Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) is now responsible for setting safety and performance standards and for designating areas where driverless cars may be tested.

GOAL DRIVEN SYSTEM

In a goal driven system, the user is presented a list of destinations or potential destinations are displayed on a virtual map.To fly to a destination, the user picks the destination, and is automatically moved to that location under program control.

GENETIC ALGORITHM

A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA), which generate solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover.

GENERAL MOTORS EN V

General Motors EN-V (Electric Networked-Vehicle) is a 2-seat urban electric concept car jointly developed by Segway and General Motors that can be driven normally or operated autonomously.Designed for urban environments and around an extrapolation of the P.U.M.A. prototype announced by GM and Segway in 2009,[3] the EN-V was unveiled at the joint GM & SAIC pavilion at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai from 1 May through 31 October 2010.

ELECTRIC FISH

An electric fish is a fish that can generate electric fields. It is said to be electrogenic; a fish that has the ability to detect electric fields is said to be electroreceptive. Most electrogenic fish are also electroreceptive. Electric fish species can be found both in the sea and in freshwater rivers of South America and Africa. Many fish such as sharks, rays and catfishes can detect electric fields, and are thus electroreceptive, but as they cannot generate an electric field they are not classified as electric fish. Most common bony fish (teleosts), including most fish kept in aquaria or caught for food, are neither electrogenic nor electroreceptive.

CALORIMETRIC MEASURING SYSTEMS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Power electronics remains an emerging technology. Two important factors in power electronics system are the switching speed[1] of the devices and the total power loss in the system. If the switching speed can be increased ,improvements may be possible i.e. current ripples in an electrical machine or physical size of passive components may be reduced. Increased switching speed may cause additional losses in a power electronics system and increase the system cooling requirement. A common problem is that high-frequency phenomena like proximity effect[2], skin effect, hysteresis losses ,and eddy current losses appear in the systems. these losses are very difficult to treat . It is often difficult to measure the effect of increasing the switching frequency electrically because the system efficiency is high and a pure input-output measurement gives an unsatisfactory resolution and accuracy. A promising solution is to use a calorimetric measuring system. Two calorimetric wattmeter systems have been designed and built. One system is useful for low-power measurement (<50 W ),and the other system can measure upto 1.5 KW power losses. A rotating load is provided on this system. Demands and specifications of the two systems are described in this topic

C++0X

C++0x (pronounced "see plus plus oh ex") is the unofficial name of the planned new standard for the C++ programming language (originally, finalization was expected in 2008 or 2009, but the "0x" was retained).[2] C++0x is intended to replace the existing C++ standard, ISO/IEC 14882, which was published in 1998 and updated in 2003. These predecessors are informally but commonly known as C++98 and C++03. The new standard will include several additions to the core language and will extend the C++ standard library, incorporating most of the C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1) libraries

BRUSHLESS ALTERNATORS

Brushless Alternators are of inductor type. They are used in railway coaches for supplying loads like lights, fans and for charging automobile batteries. These alternators are 3f homo polar generators without any commutators, slip-rings and sliding contacts (brushes). Brushless alternators are of two types--